Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Skin
Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Skin
Innate lymphoid cells are an emerging family of effector cells that contribute to lymphoid organogenesis, metabolism, tissue remodelling and protection against infections. They maintain homeostatic immunity at barrier surfaces such as lung, skin and gut (Nature 464:1367–1371, 2010, Nat Rev Immunol 13: 145–149, 2013). Several human and mouse studies suggest a role for innate lymphoid cells in inflammatory skin conditions including atopic eczema and psoriasis. Here we review the innate lymphoid cell family and discuss their function in the skin and during inflammation.
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Recent advances in the field of immunology have identified a novel family of CD45 expressing haematopoietic effector cells. These cells have phenotypical features of lymphoid cells but lack rearranged antigen specific surface receptors of adaptive immune cells and are termed innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are essential for lymphoid organogenesis, metabolism, tissue homeostasis and repair, protection against viral and helminth infections. They reside in the blood, spleen, intestine, liver, fat associated lymphoid clusters (FALC), and mesenteric lymph nodes of humans and mice. Their development depends on the expression of the transcriptional repressor Id2 that regulates the activity of helix-loop-helix protein E47 and RORC. Cytokines that signal through the common γ chain of IL-2 receptor and Jak3 are essential for their maintenance.
ILCs are thought to be able to influence adaptive immune responses as they reside in the interface of T and B cell zones in the splenic follicles of mice and can express co-stimulatory molecules essential for T cell priming and survival, including CD40 ligand and CD30 ligand. Each distinct functional subset produces cytokines that were previously thought to be specific to adaptive immune system lineages. Based on their cytokine profile and functional characteristics, they can be divided into three main groups, although recent studies on lineage relationships and common precursors of ILCs make this classification debatable.
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells are an emerging family of effector cells that contribute to lymphoid organogenesis, metabolism, tissue remodelling and protection against infections. They maintain homeostatic immunity at barrier surfaces such as lung, skin and gut (Nature 464:1367–1371, 2010, Nat Rev Immunol 13: 145–149, 2013). Several human and mouse studies suggest a role for innate lymphoid cells in inflammatory skin conditions including atopic eczema and psoriasis. Here we review the innate lymphoid cell family and discuss their function in the skin and during inflammation.
Introduction
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Recent advances in the field of immunology have identified a novel family of CD45 expressing haematopoietic effector cells. These cells have phenotypical features of lymphoid cells but lack rearranged antigen specific surface receptors of adaptive immune cells and are termed innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are essential for lymphoid organogenesis, metabolism, tissue homeostasis and repair, protection against viral and helminth infections. They reside in the blood, spleen, intestine, liver, fat associated lymphoid clusters (FALC), and mesenteric lymph nodes of humans and mice. Their development depends on the expression of the transcriptional repressor Id2 that regulates the activity of helix-loop-helix protein E47 and RORC. Cytokines that signal through the common γ chain of IL-2 receptor and Jak3 are essential for their maintenance.
ILCs are thought to be able to influence adaptive immune responses as they reside in the interface of T and B cell zones in the splenic follicles of mice and can express co-stimulatory molecules essential for T cell priming and survival, including CD40 ligand and CD30 ligand. Each distinct functional subset produces cytokines that were previously thought to be specific to adaptive immune system lineages. Based on their cytokine profile and functional characteristics, they can be divided into three main groups, although recent studies on lineage relationships and common precursors of ILCs make this classification debatable.
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